Real Analysis

Arun Ram
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
University of Melbourne
Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
aram@unimelb.edu.au

Last update: 19 July 2014

Lecture 30

Let X be a topological space with topology 𝒯. Let E⊆X.

In English: The interior of E is the largest open set contained in E.

In maths: The interior of E is a set E∘ such that

(a) E∘ is open and E∘⊆E,
(b) if U is open and U⊆E then U⊆E∘.

Let p∈X. A neighbourhood of p is an open set U such that p∈U.

Let E⊆X. A interior point of E is a p∈E such that there exists a neighbourhood U of p with U⊆E.

Let X be a topological space. Let E⊆X Then E∘= { p∈E | p  is an interior point of E } .

Proof.

Let F={p∈E | p is an interior point of E}.

To show: E∘=F.

To show:

(a) E∘⊆F
(b) F⊆E∘

(a) To show: If p∈E∘ then p is an interior point of E.
Assume p∈E∘.
To show: p is an interior point of E.
Since E∘ is open and p∈E∘ and E∘⊆E, p is an interior point of E.

(b) To show: If p is an interior point of E then p∈E∘.
Assume p is an interior point of E.
To show: p∈E∘.
There is a neighbourhood U of p with U⊆E.
Since U is open and U⊆E then U⊆E∘.
So p∈E∘, because p∈U.

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A function f:[a,b]→ℝ is normal continuous if f satisfies: If c∈[a,b] then limx→cf(x)=f(c).

A function is topology continuous if f satisfies: If V⊆ℝ is open then f-1(V) is open.

Let f:[a,b]→ℝ be a function. f is normal continuous if and only if f is topology continuous.

Proof.

To show:

(a) If f is normal continuous then f is topology continuous.
(b) If f is topology continuous then f is normal continuous.

(a) Assume f is normal continuous.
To show: f is topology continuous.
To show: If V⊆ℝ is open then f-1(V) is open.
Assume V⊆ℝ is open.
To show: f-1(V) is open.
To show: If p∈f-1(V) then p is an interior point of f-1(V).
Assume p∈f-1(V).
To show: p is an interior point of f-1(V).
We know f(p)∈V.
Since V is open, f(p) is an interior point of V.
So there exists ε∈ℝ>0 such that Bε(f(p))⊆V.
Since f is normal continuous there exists δ∈ℝ>0 such that if d(x,p)<δ then d(f(x),f(p))<ε.
So there exists δ∈ℝ>0 such that f(Bδ(p))⊆Bε(f(p)).
So f(Bδ(p))⊆V.
So Bδ(p)⊆f-1(V).
So p is an interior point of f-1(V).

(b) Assume f is topology continuous.
To show: f is normal continuous.
To show: If p∈[a,b] and ε∈ℝ>0 then there exists δ∈ℝ>0 such that if d(x,p)<δ then d(f(x),f(p))<ε.
Assume p∈[a,b] and ε∈ℝ>0.
To show: There exists δ∈ℝ>0 such that f(Bδ(p))⊆ Bε(f(p)). To show: There exists δ∈ℝ>0 such that Bδ(p)⊆f-1 (Bε(f(p))). Since f is topology continuous and Bε(f(p)) is open then f-1(Bε(f(p))) is open.
So p is an interior point of f-1(Bε(f(p))).
So there exists Bδ(p) with Bδ(p)⊆f-1(Bε(f(p))).

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Notes and References

These are notes from a 2010 course on Real Analysis 620-295. This page comes from 100519Lect30.pdf and was given on 19 May 2010.

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