Lectures on Chevalley groups

Arun Ram
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
University of Melbourne
Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
aram@unimelb.edu.au

Last update: 11 July 2013

§10. Isomorphisms and automorphisms

In this section we discuss the isomorphisms and automorphisms of Chevalley groups over perfect fields. This assumption of perfectness is not strictly necessary but it simplifies the discussion in one or two places. We begin by proving the existence of certain automorphisms related to the existence of symmetries of the underlying root systems.

Lemma 55: Let Σ be an abstract indecomposable root system with not all roots of one length. Let Σ*={α*=2α/(α,α)|αΣ} be the abstract system obtained by inversion. Then:

(a) Σ* is a root system.
(b) Under the map * long roots are mapped onto short roots and vice versa. Further, angles and simple systems of roots are preserved.
(c) If p=(α0,α0)/(β0,β0) with α0 long, β0 short then the map α { pα* ifαis long, α* ifαis short, extends to a homothety.

Proof.

The root system Σ* obtained in this way from Σ is called the root system dual to Σ.

Exercise: Let α=Σniαi be a root expressed in terms of the simple ones. Prove that α is long if and only if p|ni whenever αi is short.

Examples:

(a) For n3, Bn and Cn are dual to each other. B2 and F4 are in duality with themselves (with p=2) as is G2 (with p=3).
(b) Let α,β,α+β,α+2β be the positive roots for Σ of type B2. Then those for Σ* are α*, β*, and (α+β)*=2α*+β*, If we identify α* with β and β* with α we get a map of B2 onto itself. αβ, βα, α+βα+2β, α+2βα+β. This is the map given by reflecting in the line L in the diagram below (L is the bisector of (α,β)) and adjusting lengths.

α β α+β α+2β L

Theorem 28: Let Σ,Σ* and p be as above, k a field of characteristic p (p is either 2 or 3) , G, G* universal Chevalley groups constructed from (Σ,k) and (Σ*,k) respectively. Then there exists a homomorphism φ of G into G* and signs εα for all αΣ such that

φ(xα(t))= { xα*(εαt) ifαis long, xα* (εαtp) ifαis short.

If k is perfect then φ is an isomorphism of abstract groups.

Examples:

(a) If k is perfect of characteristic 2 then Spin2n+1, SO2n+1 (split forms), and Sp2n are isomorphic.
(b) Consider C2, p=2, εα=1. The theorem asserts that on U we have an endomorphism (as before we identify Σ and Σ*) such that (1) φ(xα(t))= xβ(t), φ(xβ(t))= xα(t2), φ(xα+β(t))= xα+2β(t2), φ(xα+2β(t))= xα+β(t). The only nontrivial relation of type (B) on U is (2) (xα(t),xβ(u))= xα+β(tu) xα+2β(tu2) by Lemma 33. Applying φ to (2) gives (3) (xβ(t),xα(u2))= xα+2β(t2u2) xα+β(tu2). This is valid, since it can be obtained from (2) by taking inverses and replacing t by u2, u by t.
(c) The map φ in (b) is outer, for if we represent G as Sp4 and if t0, xα(t)-1 has rank 1 while xβ(t)-1 has rank 2.
(d) If in (b) |k|=2, φ leads to an outer automorphism of S6 since, in fact, Sp4(2)S6. To see this represent S6 as the Weyl group of type A5. This fixes a bilinear form [ 2-1000 -12-100 0-12-10 00-12-1 000-12 ] relative to a basis of simple roots. This is so because, up to multiplication by a scalar, the form is just Σxixj(αi,αj) =|Σxiαi|2. Reduce mod 2. The line through α1+α3+α5 becomes invariant and the form becomes skew and nondegenerate on the quotient space. Hence we have a homomorphism ψ:S6Sp4(2). It is easily seen that kerψα6 so kerψ=1. Since |S6|=6!=720= 24(22-1) (24-1) =|Sp4(2)|, ψ is an isomorphism.

ψ-1 may be described as follows. Sp4(2) acts on the underlying projective space p3 which contains 15 points. Given a point p there are 8 points not orthogonal to p. These split into two four point sets S1,S2 such that each of {p}S1 and {p}S2 consists of mutually nonorthogonal points and these are the only five element sets containing p with this property. There are 15·2/5=6 such 5 element sets. Sp4(2) acts faithfully by permutation on these 6 sets, so Sp4(2)S6 is defined. Under the outer automorphism the stabilizers of points and lines are interchanged. Each of the above five point sets corresponds to a set of five mutually skew isotropic lines.

Proof of Theorem 28.

Assume now that k is perfect. Then φ maps one set of generators one to one onto the other so that φ-1 exists on the generators. Since φ preserves (A), (B), and (C) so does φ-1. Hence φ-1 exists on G*, i.e. φ is an isomorphism.

Remark: If k is not perfect, and φ:GG, then φG is the subgroup of G in which 𝔛α is paramaterized by k if α is long, by kp if α is short. Here kp can be replaced by any field between kp and k to yield a rather weird simple group.

Theorem 29: Let G and G be Chevalley groups constructed from (,= {Xα,Hα|αΣ}, L,k) and (, = {Xα,Hα|αΣ}, L, k), respectively. Assume that there exists an isomorphism of Σ onto Σ taking αα such that L maps onto L. Then there exists an isomorphism φ:GG and signs εα (αΣ) such that φxα(t)=xα(εαt) for all αΣ, tk. Furthermore we may take eα=+1 if α or -α is simple.

Proof.

Remarks:

(a) Suppose k is infinite and we try to prove Theorem 28 with tp replaced by t. Then we must fail. For then the transpose of φ|H, mapping characters on H* to those on H, maps Σ* onto Σ in the inversional manner of Lemma 55, hence can not be a homomorphism. This explains the relative treatment of long and short roots.
(b) If k is algebraically closed and we view G and G* as algebraic groups then φ is a homomorphism of algebraic groups and an isomorphism of abstract groups, but not an isomorphism of algebraic groups (for taking pth roots (which is necessary for the inverse map) is not a rational operation).
(c) For type G2, characteristic k=3 (a similar result holds for C2 and F4, characteristic k=2), in k there is an endomorphism dφ such that dφ:Xα { -Xrα ifαis long 3Xrα=0 ifαis short. Thus dφshortdφ0 is exact, where short is the 7-dimensional ideal spanned by all Xγ and Hγ for γ short. This leads to an alternate proof of the existence of φ.

Corollary:

(a) Let Σ be an indecomposable root system, σ an angle preserving permutation of the simple roots, σ1. If all roots are equal in length then σ extends to an automorphism of Σ. If not, and if p is defined as above, then σ must interchange long and short roots and σ extends to a permutation σ of all roots which also interchanges long and short roots and is such that the map aσα if α is long, apσα if α is short is an isomorphism of root systems. The possibilities for σ are:
(i) 1 root length: An(n2): σ2=1 Dn(n4): σ2=1 D4: σ3=1 E6: σ2=1
(ii) 2 root lengths, σ2=1 in all cases. C2 p=2 F4 p=2 G2 p=3
(b) Let k be a field and G a Chevalley group constructed from (Σ,k). Let σ be as in (a). If two root lengths occur assume k is perfect of characteristic p. If G is of type D2n, and characteristic k2, assume σL=L. Then there exists an automorphism φ of G and signs εα (εα=1 if α or -α is simple) such that φxα(t)= { xσα (εαt) ifαis long or all roots are of one length, xσα (εαtp) ifαis short.

Proof.

Remark: The preceeding argument shows/forthat D2n in characteristic k2 an automorphism of G fixing H and permuting the 𝔛α's according to σ can exist only if σL=L.

Remark: Automorphisms of G of this type as well as the identity are called graph automorphisms.

Exericse:

(a) Prove φ above is outer.
(b) By imbedding A2 in G2 as the subgroup generated by all 𝔛α such that α is long, show that its graph automorphisms can be realized by inner automorphisms of G2. Similarly for D4 in F4,Dn in Bn, and E6 in E7.

Lemma 58: Let G be a Chevalley group over k, fαk* for all simple α. Let f be extended to a homomorphism of L0 into k*. Then there exists a unique automorphism φ of G such that φxα(t)= xα(fαt) for all αΣ.

Proof.

Remark: Automorphisms of this type are called diagonal automorphisms.

Exercise: Prove that every diagonal automorphism of G can be realized by conjugation of G in G(k) by an element in H(k).

Example: Conjugate SLn by a diagonal element of GLn.

If G is realized as a group of matrices and γ is an automorphism of k then the map γ:xα(t)xα(tγ) on generators extends to an automorphism of G. Such an automorphism is called a field automorphism.

Theorem 30: Let G be a Chevalley group such that Σ is indecomposable and k is perfect. Then any automorphism of G can be expressed as the product of an inner, a diagonal, a graph and a field automorphism.

Proof.

Corollary: If k is finite AutG/IntG is solvable.

Exercise: Let D be the group of diagonal automorphisms modulo those which are inner. Prove:

(a) D Hom(L0,k*)/ {Homomorphisms extendable toL1} k*/k*ei where the ei are the elementary divisors of L1/L0.
(b) If k is finite, DC, the center of the corresponding universal group.
(c) D=1 if k is algebraically closed or if all ei=1.

Examples:

(a) SLn. Every automorphism can be realized by a semilinear mapping of the underlying space composed with either the identify or the inverse transpose. I.e., every automorphism is induced by a collineation or a correlation of the underlying projective space.
(b) Over or every automorphism of E8, F4, or G2 is inner.
(c) The triality automorphism exists for Spin8 and PSO8, but not for SO8 if characteristic k2.
(d) Aside from triality every automorphism of SOn or PSOn (split form) is induced by a collineation of the underlying projective space P which fixes the basic quadric Q:Σxixn+1-i=0. If n is even, there exist two families of (n-2)/2 dimensional subspaces of P entirely within Q (e.g., if n=4 the two families of lines in the quadric surface x1x4+ x2x3=0). The graph automorphism occurs because these two families can be interchanged.

Theorem 31: Let G,G be Chevalley groups relative to (Σ,k), (Σ,k) with Σ,Σ indecomposable, k,k perfect. Assume G and G are isomorphic. If k is finite, assume also characteristic k= characteristic k. Then k is isomorphic to k, and either Σ is isomorphic to Σ or else Σ,Σ are of type Bn,Cn (n3) and characteristic k= characteristic k=2.

Proof.

Corollary: Over a field of characteristic 2 the Chevalley groups of type Bn,Cn (n3) are not isomorphic.

* Exercise: If rank Σ, rank Σ2 then the assumption characteristic k= characteristic k can be dropped in Theorem 31. (Hint: if p= characteristic k and rank Σ2 then p makes the largest prime power contribution to |G|. If you get stuck see Artin, Comm. Pure and Appl. Math., 1955). (There are exceptions in case rank Σ, rank Σ2 fails, e.g., SL2(4) PSL2(5), SL3(2) PSL2(7).)

Notes and References

This is a typed excerpt of Lectures on Chevalley groups by Robert Steinberg, Yale University, 1967. Notes prepared by John Faulkner and Robert Wilson. This work was partially supported by Contract ARO-D-336-8230-31-43033.

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